Hi Jason. I'm sorry to hear about your son's hive -- I'm sure this must be very disappointing to him and other family members. Sometimes beekeepers can do everything right and nonetheless, bad things happen. It’s hard to tell, of course, what happened to your colony without additional information. It does not sound like they died for lack of food stores. Closeup pictures of the comb of where the brood last resided can be very helpful One possible cause would be varroa infestation and the presence of varroa feces in former brood cells can be a leading indicator of this. Might I ask if the colony was treated for mites in fall AND winter?
In any case, the only way to help determine cause of death is a closeup inspection. On the bottom of the TVBA home page is a link to the Beekeeper Task Force to request help, for free. Pictures of the brood frames (not the moldy ones) and closeup pictures of the former brood cells showing the tops and sides of the cells (where varroa poop is found) would be helpful. If you have pictures of sunken cappings for ‘melted” down brood, these pictures are also useful.
Let me know if continue to need help. I live near 158th and Walker Dr. in Beaverton.